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SEM & EDX Analysis

SEM & EDX are analytical test techniques used to understand material characteristics at a microscopic level

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SEM & EDX Analysis

Scanning Electron Microscopy is one of the most popular and widely used metallurgical techniques to carry out analysis of a sample’s microstructure and surface topography.

SEM and EDX tests are routine, non-destructive methods of analysis to help determine the elemental composition of a sample or material.

SEM microscopy produces high resolution SEM images by scanning the surface of the sample with a focused electron beam, rather than the usual optical means. This allows for imaging at very high magnifications, typically from about 10 to 5,000 times, with a clarity previously not possible. 

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Why Do We Use SEM EDX Analysis?

SEM microscopy is a vital part of any metallurgical investigation. SEM imaging can help identify cracks, contaminants, or fractures on the surface of a material, which means that we can understand the behaviour and characteristics of a sample at higher magnification levels than traditional microscopes.  Typical features of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM Microscopy) that can be viewed are fracture faces of failed parts, or surface conditions of components. 

This information is crucial to our customers, as it helps them to understand the surface characteristics of the object under examination, identifying anomalies, defects and elemental composition of the material under scrutiny.

Knowing whether a material is susceptible to specific types of failure, such as fatigue or stress corrosion cracking, or if there are contaminants present at the surface, allows our customers to make informed decisions about the production processes, and if their choice of material is appropriate for its intended application.

In conjunction with SEM microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) is a technique that uses x-rays emitted from the sample during the SEM process to further characterise the composition of the material. EDX, also variously known as EDAX or EDS, EDX microanalysis is the targeted analysis of a feature observed on the scanning electron microscope.

Failure Investigations

SEM or EDX analysis can be used on a failed component that’s made from metal or any other electrically conductive material. From domestic copper pipework, fastener systems (or nuts and bolts), high-tension wires, chains, cast housings, even artificial hip implants.

Should a part fail, manufacturers and consumers need to know how and why. A failure analysis that includes SEM/EDX can provide essential answers to why a part has failed, and steps can then be taken to help avoid the same problem and prevent future issues, therefore reducing costs and expenses.

Material failure investigations consist of individual tests that include:

  • Visual examination,
  • SEM (and EDX if required),
  • Metallography,
  • Chemical analysis,
  • Mechanical Testing (such as hardness testing, tensile testing and impact testing).
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How it Works

SEM microscopy uses a beam of energetic electrons to examine the sample on an extremely fine scale. When the electron beam strikes the sample material, many signals are generated. There are two types of electrons typically detected during SEM analysis: backscattered electrons (BSEs) and secondary electrons (SEs). These electrons interact with atoms within the sample to produce information about its composition and topography.

  • Backscattered electrons are reflected back after the interaction between the beam and the sample. These electrons help to obtain high resolution imaging of the elements present within the sample and detects the differences in atomic number on and below the surface of the material.
  • Secondary electrons originate from the atoms of the sample. They are produced as a reaction from the electron beam exciting the electron within the sample, causing it to lose some of its energy in the process.

The Benefits of SEM EDX Analysis

SEM analysis is a relatively rapid and inexpensive approach to metallurgical investigations. As a virtually non-destructive method of testing, it produces detailed, magnified images of a sample or material.

It is also an essential step for any failure investigation service, as SEM microscopy helps to analyse the root cause of a failure at an elemental level, as well as identify any defects or flaws of the sample that cannot be seen by optical means alone.

EDX Microanalysis is limited in that it is semi-quantitative, cannot identify organic matter and there are a few elements that it cannot detect, even if present. However, if you have an unknown material (for instance, contamination on a component or a fracture face) EDX analysis can be used to identify its approximate chemical make-up and can indicate local differences in chemical composition such as segregation.

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